Finding Files

You now know what each major directory holds, but it still doesn’t really help you find things. I mean, you could go looking through directories, but there are quicker ways. There are four main file search commands.

which
The first is the which(1) command. which is usually used to locate a program quickly. It just searches your PATH and returns the first instance it finds and the directory path to it. Take this example:

% which bash
/bin/bash

From that you see that bash is in the /bin directory. This is a very limited command for searching, since it only searches your PATH.

whereis
The whereis(1) command works similar to which, but can also search for man pages and source files. A whereis search for bash should return this:

% whereis bash
bash: /bin/bash /usr/bin/bash /usr/man/man1/bash.1.gz

This command not only told us where the actual program is located, but also where the online documentation is stored. Still, this command is limited. What if you wanted to search for a specific configuration file? You can’t use which or whereis for that.

find
The find(1) command allows the user to search the filesystem with a rich collection of search predicates. Users may specify a search with filename wildcards, ranges of modification or creation times, or other advanced properties. For example, to search for the default xinitrc¤ FORMTEXT
file on the system, the following command could be used.

% find / -name xinitrc
/var/X11R6/lib/xinit/xinitrc

find will take a while to run, since it has to traverse the entire root directory tree. And if this command is run as a normal user, there will be permission denied errormessages for directories that only root can see. But find found our file, so that’s good. If only it could be a bit faster...

slocate
The slocate(1) command searches the entire filesystem, just like the find command can do, but it searches a database instead of the actual filesystem. The database is set to automatically update every morning, so you have a somewhat fresh listing of files on your system. You can manually run updatedb(1) to update the slocate database (before running updatedb by hand, you must first su to the root user). Here’s an example of slocate in action:

% slocate xinitrc # we don’t have to go to the root
/var/X11R6/lib/xinit/xinitrc
/var/X11R6/lib/xinit/xinitrc.fvwm2
/var/X11R6/lib/xinit/xinitrc.openwin
/var/X11R6/lib/xinit/xinitrc.twm

We got more than what we were looking for, and quickly too.With these commands, you should be able to find whatever you’re looking for on your Linux system.

Adobe Acrobat Reader

Pdf is the most popular document now. Its simply, light and compatible with many system.

Ubuntu has default pdf reader when we installed it, but adobe acrobat is the most popular reader.

Now, its shows how to install it in ubuntu.

1. Open terminal

2. sudo wget http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/hardy.list -O /etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list

3. sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install medibuntu-keyring && sudo apt-get update

4. sudo apt-get install acroread

LISTING FILES

• "ls" command
- Linux command used to list the files in a given directory
- Most common method for displaying files
- Displays all the files in the current directory in columnar format

• "ll" command
- Alias for the ls -l command
- Gives a long file listing

• File command
-Linux command that displays the file type of a specified filename

• Text file
- File that stores information in a readable text format
• Some filenames inside each user’s home directory represent important configuration
files or program directories
• Hidden files
– Files that are not normally displayed to the user via
common filesystem commands

List option :
-a or --all = list all filenames
-A or --almost-all = List most filenames (excludes the . and .. special files)
-C = lists filenames in column format
--color=n = list filenames without sorting
-f = lists all filenames without sorting
-F or --classify = lists filenames classified by file type
--full-time = lists filenames in long format and displays the full modification time
-l = lists filenames in long format
-lh or -l --human-readable = lists filenames in long format with human-readable (easy-to-read)
-lG or -l --no-group or -o = lists filenames in long format but omits the group information
-r or --reverse = list filenames reverse sorted
-R or --recursive = lists filenames in the specified directory and all subdirectories
-s = lists filenames and their associated size in kilobytes (K)
-S = lists filenames sorted by file size
-t = lists filenames sorted by modification time
-U = lists filenames without sorting
-x = lists filenames in rows rather than in columns

VMware Virtual Machine on Ubuntu 8.04

Running other OS on ubuntu is a great moment. We could use virtualbox ose, xen or use vmware. I think vmware is more interesting because it doesnt need special linux-header like xen or virtualbox. You could get vmware server freely from its website and you could request serial number freely too.

Step for installing and using vmware :
1. Download the file Vmware-server-1.0.6-91891.tar.gz which size is 102MB from vmware website.
2. Request free serial number from vmware too.
3. Open the folder which contain the vmware and extract it or open terminal and extract it by type sudo tar -xvf Vmware-server-1.0.6-91891.tar.gz
4. cd vmware-server-distrib (folder which contain file extract)
5. ./vmware-install.pl
6. Follow all installer command until finish
7. Run vmware from root
root@hardy:/# vmware

Note :
When you see this message :
/usr/lib/vmware/bin/vmware /usr/lib/vmware/lib/libgcc_s.so.1/libgcc_s.so.1:version 'GCC_3.4' not found (required by /usr/lib/libcairo.so.2)
.........
.........
Remove the folder libgcc_s.so.1 on /usr/lib/vmware/lib

8. From the first windows choose Localhost
9. Goto 'Help' and choose 'Enter Serial Number'
10. Without serial number, you can not running virtualization
11. Click “Create a new virtual machine”
12. Select “Typical” on Virtual Machine Configuration
13. Choose guest operating system
14. Define the virtual machine name and location
15. Choose network connection
16. Specify disk size
17. Finish
18. Now you could install the new operating system

Setting Connexant Winmodem on Ubuntu 8.04

Step for installing winmodem on ubuntu hardy heron
1. sudo apt-get update
2. sudo apt-get install libc6-dev_2.5-0ubuntu14_i386.deb
3. sudo apt-get install build-essential linux
4. Download alsa driver :
wget http://www.linuxant.com/alsa-driver/alsa-driver-linuxant_1.0.16.1-1_all.deb
Install:
sudo dpkg -i alsa-driver-linuxant_1.0.16.1-1_all.deb
5. Download conexant hsf modem
wget http://www.linuxant.com/drivers/hsf/full/archive/hsfmodem-7.68.00.09full/hsfmodem_7.68.00.09full_i386.deb.zip
Unzip:
sudo unzip hsfmodem_7.68.00.09full_i386.deb.zip
Install :
sudo dpkg -i hsfmodem_7.68.00.09full_i386.deb
6. Download hsfpatch (http://arisusanto.com/images/fbfiles/files/hsfuniversalpatch_1.gz)
Copy hsfpatch to /usr/lib/hsfmodem/
Goto /usr/lib/hsfmodem/ and execute hsptch with comand : ./hsfpatch
Use email and license key which generate by hsfpatch
Example :
email : tux@kernel.org
License key : BADCAFE4742B
7. sudo hsfconfig -license
Enter the email and key license which get from hsfpatch
The result:
Config for modem unit 0: /dev/ttySHSF0
Device instance: 0-HDA-14f15045:103c30b2-0
HW revision : SSD=34 LSD=0×22
HW profile name: hsfhda
Registration ID: E15A-8140-4FDE
License owner : tux@kernel.org
License key : BA-DC-AF-E4-74-2B
License status : free (14.4 kbps)
Current region : INDONESIA (T.35 code: 0054)

8. If the license status is still free, do this step
- sudo hsfconfig
- Enter, if request : use the current, email, and license key
Result :
Config for modem unit 0: /dev/ttySHSF0
Device instance: 0-HDA-14f15045:103c30b2-0
HW revision : SSD=34 LSD=0×22
HW profile name: hsfhda
Registration ID: E15A-8140-4FDE
License owner : tux@kernel.org
License key : BA-DC-AF-E4-74-2B
License status : OK
Current region : INDONESIA (T.35 code: 0054)
9. Edit the init in /etc/wvdial.conf
init=AT&FW3+MS=V90,1,28800,33600,28800,56000
10. Connect to the internet is succesfully

Howto reconfigure broken grub

When our grub is broken because of install new windows or our MBR is broken, so we can’t boot on linux.

To normalize grub we can do 2 ways, by using Live CD or we can enter into linux terminal.

For the first time we have to boot by live cd and next we have to do:
1. Open terminal
2. sudo grub
3. grub> find /boot/grub/stage1
(hd0,0)
4. grub> root (hd0,0)
5. grub> setup (hd0)
6. quit
7. Reboot

Instal gnome-ppp

1. #apt-get install gnome-ppp

2. Open gnome ppp in Applications -> Internet -> Gnome PPP

3. Type username and password

4. Type phone number

5. Open Setup

6. Detect modem device

7. Open init string

8. Change init 2 with “AT&FW3+MS=V90,1,28800,33600,28800,56000″

9. Close setup configuration

10. Connect to the world

WINE (Wine is Not Emulator)

Wine is used for emulate windows environment in Linux, so we can running windows base program from linux. It will create folder which act like drive c.

Install WINE

If we have binary package or repository cd :

1. Open terminal

Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal

2. Open the directory which contain this binary

cd xxx(directory)

3. dpkg -i wine

Maybe it need binfmt-support install first

Install directly from main server

1. Make sure you connected to the internet

2. Open terminal

Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal

3. apt-get install wine

Use WIne

Lets say we want to install windows program, ex winrar.exe

From terminal type sudo wine or wine

For running the program just type wine winrar or from Applications menu

Google Desktop

Google Desktop is a desktop search application that gives you easy access to information on your computer and from the web.

Desktop makes searching your own email, files, music, photos, and more as easy as searching the web with Google.

To install it you can get by downloaded it from ubuntu official main server using “apt-get install google-desktop-linux” or download from http://desktop.google.com/en/linux/download.html.

It will start automatically and appear at upper right corner and there is preferences menu to setup the configuration.

CCSM

CCSM is a abbreviation from compiz config setting manager. It is a tool for configure compiz. It could downloaded from main server by using apt-get = ’sudo apt-get install compizconfig-settings-manager’

Now let’s start the settings manager:

1. System → Preferences → Advanced Desktop Effects Settings

2. Setting the cube
Enable the following plugins :
* Desktop Cube
* Rotate Cube - that is necessary to spin the cube
* Viewport Switcher (optional) - to change desktops with the mousewheel
* Cube Caps (optional) - use an images on top and bottom of the cube

3. Increase the number of the virtual desktops to 4
General Options → Desktop Size → Horizontal Virtual Size
For Vertical and number of desktop left at 1
Now we can rotate our desktop by pres [ctrl]+[alt]+[left arrow]/[right arrow]

4. Wobbly windows effects
* Enable Wobbly Windows
* At General → Map Effect and Focus effect choose Shiver
* Enable ‘Snap Inverted’ to prevent windows from adhering to screen edges

5. Scale effects
Use for look all windows which open in one display by moving the cursor on the corner of display/screen
Window Management -> Scale -> Bindings -> Initiate Window Picker

Avant Window Manager

Avant Window Navgator (Awn) is a dock-like bar which sits at the bottom of the screen (in all its composited-goodness) tracking open windows. Takes MAC look in ubuntu.

Awn uses libwnck to keep a track of open windows, and behaves exactly like a normal window-list :

• Clicking an icon switches to that window, clicking again will minimise the window
• Right-clicking will bring up a menu exactly like that of what you see on the window-list, allowing you to max, min, close, resize etc the window.
• Dragging something on top of an icon will activate that window.
• Visually (and quite attractively) responds to ‘needs attention’ & ‘urgent’ events
• Can show windows from the entire viewport, or just the visible viewport.

Installing and configure avant windows manager:

1. sudo apt-get install avant-window-navigator

2. Applications -> Accessories -> Avant Window Manager

3. Will show dock on the bottom of display

4. Right click and choose Preferences

5. You can change icon look on the General, Bar Appearance, Glass Engine and Pattern Engine

6. Add new program launcher on the Launcher

Modify Root Access

When we install ubuntu from LiveCD, root account looks like dissable. We cant login with root account, just could login with user only.

When we want install program or application from terminal we have used sudo. Its not a problem if we just used ubuntu for home application but when we want develop, its tired to type sudo again sudo again.

In this section I just want to share to make root active.

1. Open Accessories -> Terminal

2. sudo passwd

3. Type new password for root

4. If we want to be root we just type”su” -> enter the root password

5. Now we are being root, no need type sudo went we want doing something which just only root granted to do

Ex : bearisusanto@akmakoe:~$ su
Password:
root@akmakoe:/home/bearisusanto#

Activated root at user login

1. System -> Administration -> Login Window

2. At security tab, enable “Allow Local Administrator Login”

ALIEN

Alien is a program that converts between Red Hat rpm, Debian deb, Stampede slp, Slackware tgz, and Solaris pkg file formats.

1. Get alien package
sudo apt-get install alien
2. Convert the package.rpm into package.deb
alien –to-deb package.rpm
3. Convert the package.deb into package.deb
alien –to-rpm package.deb

FileZilla

FileZilla Client is a fast and reliable cross-platform FTP, FTPS and SFTP client with lots of useful features and an intuitive interface.

Install FileZilla :

sudo apt-get install filezilla

Connecting filezilla to ftp server:

1. Applications -> Internet -> FileZilla FTP Client

2. Fill

Host : ftp…..com

Username = xxxx

Password = xxxx

Port = 21

Quickconnect

Creating, Moving, Renaming and Deleting Files and Directories

1. Creating new directories using “mkdir”
Pronounce the mkdir command as “make dir”

root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents# mkdir NEWDIR
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents# ls
NEWDIR

If you try to create a directory with name has already been used, it will shows
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents# mkdir NEWDIR
mkdir: cannot create directory `NEWDIR’: File exists

2. Copying files to new locations using “cp” and “mv”
Pronounce cp as “sea pea”, similarly, pronounce mv as “em vee”, but when you speak of moving a file, say “move”

Copy files “
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/NEWDIR# cp login login.copy
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/NEWDIR# ls -ld login login.copy
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 20 2008-07-29 11:43 login
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 20 2008-07-29 11:43 login.copy

Copy Folder
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents# cp NEWDIR NEWDIR01
cp: omitting directory `NEWDIR’

Note : Generally, UNIX won’t permit to use the cp command to copy directories

Not as “cp” where leaves the original file intact, making sort of electronic equivalent of a photocopy of a paper, “mv” physically relocates them from the old directory to the new

root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents# mv login /home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents# mv TEST01 /home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents# cd TEST/
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST# ls
login TEST01

3. Renaming files with mv
“mv” command, whic, in essence, moves the old name to the new name. It’s a bit confusing, but it works

root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST# ls
login TEST01
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST# mv login test
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST# ls
test TEST01
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST#

4. Removing directories with rmdir

root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST# rmdir TEST01
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST# ls
test

5. Removing Files Using rm

root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST# rm test
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST# ls
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto/Documents/TEST#

Looking At Calendar

Another usefull utility in LINUX is the “cal” command, which shows a simple calendar for the month of year specified

1. To confirm that 5 october 1993 is Tuesday, enter cal 10 93
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto# cal 10 93
October 93
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31

2. If you look closely, you’ll find that there’s a bit of a problem here. October 5 is shown as a Saturday rather than a Tuesday as expected.
The reason is that “cal” can list any year from A.D.0. In fact, what you have on your screen is how the month of October would have looked in A.D.93,1900.

Note :
This is a bit misleading because Western society uses the Julian calendar, adopted in 1752. Before that, the program should really list Gregorian format monthly calendars, but it can’t, so don’t use this as a historical reference for ascertaining what day of the week the Emperor Hadrian was born

3. To find out the information that you want, you’ll need to specify to the “cal” program both the month and full year:
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto# cal 10 1993
October 1993
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

This is correct. The 5th of October in 1993 is indeed a Tuesday. On some systems, “cal” has no intelligent default action, so entering “cal” doesn’t simply list the monthly calendar for the current month. Later you’ll learn how to write a simple shell script to do just that. For now, turn to your system and enter “cal” to see what happens.

4. To show full calendar on a year

root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto# cal 2008
2008

January February March
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
April May June
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
27 28 29 30 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30

July August September
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30
31
October November December
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 28 29 30 31

Add New OS in GRUB

We assume, we have a machine which alreday installed windows or macintosh. If we have windows and install linux, in OS menu list when we booting, windows already there. But for macintosh, mac not shows in menu list. So to shows mac in menu list we have add it to the menu.lst.

As we know, for primary partition we can make only 4 partition, from hd0 - hd3, and for secondary we can make more than 4.

Assume, our mac is in partition 1 (primary) and linux in partition 2 (primary).

Edit menu list from terminal:
root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto# nano /boot/grub/menu.lst

…………configuration already exist
title Ubuntu 8.04, kernel 2.6.24-16-generic
root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.24-16-generic root=UUID=cadd2657-226c-45cc-90$
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.24-16-generic
quiet

### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST
…………add in this section for mac OS

title MAC Leopard
root (hd0,0)
makeactive
chainloader +1

Gotcha, when we reboot, the menu will be appear, when we press “esc” button.

TIGER - Report System Security Vulnerability

TIGER, or the ‘tiger’ scripts, is a set of Bourne shell scripts, C programs and data files which are used to perform a security audit of UNIX systems. TIGER has one primary goal: report ways ‘root’ can be compromised.
Debian’s TIGER incorporates new checks primarily oriented towards Debian distribution including: md5sums checks of installed files, location of files not belonging to packages, check of security advisories and analysis of local listening processes.
Install application :
sudo apt-get install tiger

Running tiger from commands :
tiger

Result :

root@hardy:/home/bearisusanto# tiger
Tiger UN*X security checking system
Developed by Texas A&M University, 1994
Updated by the Advanced Research Corporation, 1999-2002
Further updated by Javier Fernandez-Sanguino, 2001-2007
Covered by the GNU General Public License (GPL)

Configuring…

Will try to check using config for ‘i686′ running Linux 2.6.24-16-generic…
–CONFIG– [con005c] Using configuration files for Linux 2.6.24-16-generic. Using
configuration files for generic Linux 2.
Tiger security scripts *** 3.2.2, 2007.08.28.00.00 ***
16:13> Beginning security report for hardy.
16:13> Starting file systems scans in background…
16:13> Checking password files…
16:13> Checking group files…
16:13> Checking user accounts…
16:13> Checking .rhosts files…
16:13> Checking .netrc files…
16:13> Checking ttytab, securetty, and login configuration files…
16:13> Checking PATH settings…
16:13> Checking anonymous ftp setup…
16:13> Checking mail aliases…
16:13> Checking cron entries…
16:13> Checking ’services’ configuration…
16:13> Checking NFS export entries…
16:13> Checking permissions and ownership of system files…
–CONFIG– [con010c] Filesystem ’securityfs’ used by ’securityfs’ is not recognised as a local filesystem
–CONFIG– [con010c] Filesystem ‘fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon’ used by ‘gvfs-fuse-daemon’ is not recognised as a local filesystem
–CONFIG– [con010c] Filesystem ‘fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon’ used by ‘gvfs-fuse-daemon’ is not recognised as a local filesystem
16:13> Checking for indications of break-in…
–CONFIG– [con010c] Filesystem ’securityfs’ used by ’securityfs’ is not recognised as a local filesystem
–CONFIG– [con010c] Filesystem ‘fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon’ used by ‘gvfs-fuse-daemon’ is not recognised as a local filesystem
–CONFIG– [con010c] Filesystem ‘fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon’ used by ‘gvfs-fuse-daemon’ is not recognised as a local filesystem
16:13> Performing rootkit checks…
16:13> Performing system specific checks…
16:22> Performing root directory checks…
16:22> Checking for secure backup devices…
16:22> Checking for the presence of log files…
16:22> Checking for the setting of user’s umask…
16:22> Checking for listening processes…
16:22> Checking SSHD’s configuration…
16:22> Checking the printers control file…
16:22> Checking ftpusers configuration…
16:22> Checking NTP configuration…
16:22> Waiting for filesystems scans to complete…
16:22> Filesystems scans completed…
16:22> Performing check of embedded pathnames…
16:22> Security report completed for hardy.
Security report is in `/var/log/tiger/security.report.hardy.080730-16:13′.

The log contents :
Security scripts *** 3.2.2, 2007.08.28.00.00 ***
Wed Jul 30 16:13:16 WIT 2008
16:13> Beginning security report for hardy (i686 Linux 2.6.24-16-generic).

# Performing check of passwd files…
# Checking entries from /etc/passwd.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (backup) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (bin) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (daemon) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (games) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (gnats) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (irc) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (libuuid) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (list) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (lp) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (mail) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (man) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (news) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (nobody) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (proxy) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass015w] Login ID sync does not have a valid shell (/bin/sync).
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (sys) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (uucp) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass014w] Login (www-data) is disabled, but has a valid shell.
–WARN– [pass012w] Home directory /nonexistent exists multiple times (2) in
/etc/passwd.
–WARN– [pass006w] Integrity of password files questionable (/usr/sbin/pwck
-r).

# Performing check of group files…

# Performing check of user accounts…
# Checking accounts from /etc/passwd.
–WARN– [acc021w] Login ID avahi-autoipd appears to be a dormant account.
–WARN– [acc006w] Login ID gdm’s home directory (/var/lib/gdm) has group
`gdm’ write access.
–WARN– [acc021w] Login ID libuuid appears to be a dormant account.
–WARN– [acc022w] Login ID nobody home directory (/nonexistent) is not
accessible.

# Performing check of /etc/hosts.equiv and .rhosts files…
….
….
etc

Google Gadgets

Google gadgets is a platform for showing many desktop gadget type in linux. This aplication compatible with many gadget which write for google desktop for windows.

This application could be downloaded at http://code.google.com/p/google-gadgets-for-linux

File dependencies could be install from ubuntu main server:
sudo apt-get install libdbus-1-dev libmozjs-dev libxul0d libnspr4-dev libmozjs0d

XFE - Windows Explorer Like

Using nautilus for managing or exploring files in hardisk, its commonly use when we use gnome.

Usual use windows explorer when using windows? Linux could too like windows, use xfe for bringing windows explorer in linux environment.For using this software, you could downloaded it from http://roland65.free.fr. but this file depend on library FOX, so you have to download libfox.

After download installed it from terminal :
sudo dpkg -i xfe
sudo dpkg -i libfox

Gotcha, now you could manage and browsing file like you browse in windows using windows explorer

System Information Use Sysinfo

Sysinfo is a GTK2 based program which can display the following computer/system information:

- General information: Kernel version, Distribution release,Hostname/domainname, some important software versions.
- CPU information: Name/vendor, Frequency, L2 Cache, model/family/stepping.
- Memory information: Total, Free, Cached, Active/inactive, Swap.
- IDE information: Disks CD/DVD-roms, Model, Capacity, Cache.
- Filesystem information: Filesystem disk space usage(mounted partitions).
- Hardware information: Motherboard chipset, IDE interface, VGA contoller,
Multimedia controllers(sound cards), Ethernet cards.
- USB information: USB controllers.
- NVIDIA information: Graphic card model, AGP rate, Fast writes/SBA, Driver
version. (accelerated linux driver needed)
- Other information: Sound card details, Input devices, Screen resolution.

Install sysinfo in Ubuntu

Install sysinfo using the following command

sudo aptitude install sysinfo

This will complete the installation.

Using Sysinfo

If yo want to open go to Applications—>System Tools—>Sysinfo

Thanks for ubuntu geek

wxDownload Fast

Download is important things when we surve the web. Download small file is easy, but if we want download big file which need oe, two hours or more than one day. Its difficult to do if we use slow internet connection whic always have broken connection.

But its more easy now with wxDownload Fast, wxDownload Fast (also known as wxDFast) is an open source download manager. It is multi-platform and builds on Windows(2k,XP), Linux and Mac OS X(binary still not available). Besides that, it is a multi-threaded download manager. This means that it can split a file into several pieces and download the pieces simultaneously.

Created in C++ using the wxWidgets(wxWindows) library.

Features

• Faster downloads (with Segmented/Multi-threaded/Accelerated transfers)
• Download resuming (Pause and restart where you stopped)
• Download scheduling
• Organizes files you have already downloaded
• View server messages (HTTP, FTP, file://). No HTTPS support.
• Available in multiple languages and easily translated. Now available in Portuguese [Brazil], Spanish, English, German, Russian, Hungarian, Armenian, Indonesian and Dutch
• Connection to HTTP/FTP servers which require a password
• Calculates the MD5/SHA1 checksum of downloaded files so they can be easily verified
• Metalink support
• Firefox integration through FlashGot
• Can be used as a portable download manager (Windows only)
• Can be used over proxy servers(HTTP proxy support)

All this Ubuntu packages are available in http://www.getdeb.net/

Install Ubuntu 8.04 On MSI Wind Notebook

I have MSI Wind notebook, I try to install ubuntu on it, but alway hang at installation. After googling, i find the answer from http://wiki.msiwind.net/index.php/Ubuntu_8.04_Hardy_Heron

Thanks a lot for your tutorial

Installation Procedure:

Option 1: Install with Wubi Ubuntu Installer

The easiest installation option for Windows versions of the Wind/Advent 4211 is to use the Wubi Ubuntu installer directly from Windows. This will allow you to try out Ubuntu without partitioning your hard drive. HowtoForge.com has written a detailed tutorial for using Wubi.

To then upgrade your Wubi install to a standard Ubuntu system, use the Loopmounted Virtual Partition Manager (LVPM). LVPM allows you to transfer all the data, settings, and applications from your original Wubi install to a dedicated partition. LVPM can be found in Ubuntu under: Applications => System Tools

If, after using LVPM, you get a can’t mount partition error, then you will need to edit grub. The LPVM installation has worked, grub just needs to be set to use the correct partiion.

Firstly, to fix grub temporarily so you can get into Ubuntu: Reboot the machine, wait till the menu comes up giving you the list of boot options, make sure the top item is selected, (Ubuntu 8.04.1, kernel 2.6.24-19-generic) then hit e to edit the item.

This will give you an edit screen and stop the boot countdown.

There should be three lines on the screen. Scroll down to the line that says:

root ()/ubuntu/disks

and change it to:

root (hd0,X)

X should be the partition number you transferred Ubuntu to using LVPM minus 1.

e.g. In my case I transferred Ubuntu to sda5, so my line read root (hd0,4)

Once this line is edited, hit Enter to accept the editing, then b to boot.

Ubuntu should now boot up. You can make the changes permanent to fix your boot forever, by making the same changes in /boot/grub/menu.lst

Option 2: Install With Ubuntu 8.04.1 Desktop CD (GUI)

A second installation option is to use an Ubuntu installation CD (or USB Pen Drive).

Note: With the release of Ubuntu Hardy Heron 8.04.1, it appears that earlier problems installing with the Ubuntu GUI installer have been resolved. If, however, you would prefer to install Ubuntu using a text interface installer, use the “Install with Alternate Desktop CD” instructions in the next section below.

1. Download Hardy Heron 8.04.1 (PC (Intelx86) desktop CD) from here: http://releases.ubuntu.com/8.04.1/ (Tested and confirmed to work by Malarcy in this forum thread).
2. Burn the “ubuntu-8.04.1-desktop-i386.iso” image to a CD.
3. Optional: You can install Ubuntu on the Wind/Advent 4211 using a USB Pen Drive. To create a bootable live USB Pen Drive, use UNetbootin - The Universal Netbbot Installer OR follow the instructions for creating a Persistent Ubuntu 8.04 USB Pen Drive at PenDriveLinux.com.
4. Boot system with F11 pressed and the install media (External USB CD-ROM or USB Pen Drive) connected. When prompted, select the drive containing your Ubuntu 8.04.1 .iso image.
5. Click on the “Install” icon on the Live Desktop.
6. Optional - Manually Partition Hard Drive: While allowing the Ubuntu Installer to automatically partition your hard drive during installation is acceptable, it can be beneficial to manually edit your partition table. Before getting started, it is recommended that you first review each of the 9 steps below. For additional information about partitioning your hard drive, you may also want to reference this guide.
   1. During installation, choose “Manually edit partition table.”
   2. Select the partition you want to resize and press Enter.
   3. Select “Size” and press Enter.
   4. Select “Yes” and press Enter.
   5. Type a new size in Gigabytes for your partition. On the Wind/Advent 4211, it’s recommended you free up AT LEAST 15 GB of free space for your Ubuntu install (see number 8 below for more info/suggestions on partition sizing). Press Enter when happy with your changes. It may take some time to apply the changes.
   6. Create a “swap” partition. It should be 1-2 times the amount of RAM you have (1000-2000MB). Swap helps with memory management and multi-tasking–you can read more about swap partitions (also called “Paging”) here.
   7. Create a root “/” partition (Ext3) for your Ubuntu installation (5-10GB). This will be where the Ubuntu OS and applications live.
   8. Create a “/home” partition (Ext3) for your user files (this should be at least 5-10GB though you could opt to make it bigger–keep reading for more info). Creating a “/home” partition will allow you to reinstall Ubuntu and/or do a clean install (instead of an upgrade) when a new version of Ubuntu comes along. One option when sizing this partition is to make “/home” serve as a shared partition between Ubuntu and Windows. To later read and write to this Ext3 partition from Windows, simply install Ext2 Installable File System for Windows.
   9. Select “Finish partitioning and write changes to disk”.

Note: If you opted to install Ubuntu with a USB Pen Drive, afterwards you will need to edit /etc/fstab and make sure that /media/cdrom0 points to the CD drive and not to the USB stick.

Open /etc/fstab for editing:

sudo gedit /etc/fstab

Find a line like this (usually the last line): /dev/sdXX /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0

and comment it out by placing a # at the beginning (or simply delete it).

Optimized hardisk with hdparam

From : http://ubuntuforums.org/archive/index.php/t-16360.html

let’s say that you open up a Root Terminal and issue the hdparm command:

hdparm -h

You should see a list of commands that you can issue.

The first two commands that you want to look at are

hdparm -i /dev/hda
hdparm -I /dev/hda
hdparm -i /dev/hda1
hdparm -I /dev/hda1

Now let’s day that your dma is set to off and you wish to set it to on. Then you’d hdparm -d1 /dev/hda
But if you wish to make it so that that setting is set during bootup, you know that we will have to gedit /etc/hdparm.conf.

So, open up a Root Terminal, cd over to /etc and sudo gedit hdparm.conf
Go to the end of the file and highlight & copy

#/dev/hda {
# mult_sect_io = 16
# write_cache = off
# dma = on
#}

Now right click / paste it at the very end of the file (after starting a new line after hitting carriage return).

Now remove the # from the front of all those new lines you’ve copied from the end of YOUR file.

This is where you’ll be making all your changes.

You would first make sure that your setting a command in the Root Terminal will work.

So let’s say that when I did a hdparm /dev/hda command I got back

/dev/hda:
multcount = 0 (off)
IO_support = 0 (default 16-bit)
unmaskirq = 0 (off)
using_dma = 0 (off)
keepsettings = 0 (off)
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 256 (on)
geometry = 58168/16/63, sectors = 58633344, start = 0

So I give this command hdparm -d1 -m1 /dev/hda
Now when I hdparm /dev/hda I get

/dev/hda:
setting multcount to 1
multcount = 1 (on)
setting dma to 1
dma = 1 (on)

So I would now modify my hdparm.conf to read

/dev/hda {
mult_sect_io = 32
dma = on
}

save it and reboot.

Please note that these are commands in a mock up. In no way do I endorse your putting in mult_sect_io = 32 if your HD cannot support it. The same would go for all the other commands.

Since all you want to do is set DMA, you’d

/dev/hda {
dma = on
}

But before rebooting I would hdparm /dev/hda. This is what it looks like now (after issuing an hdparm -c1 -d1 -m1 /dev/hda command:

/dev/hda:
multcount = 1 (on)
IO_support = 1 (32-bit)
unmaskirq = 0 (off)
using_dma = 1 (on)
keepsettings = 0 (off)
readonly = 0 (off)
readahead = 256 (on)
geometry = 58168/16/63, sectors = 58633344, start = 0

You should see some new messages regarding hdparm when it is booting up.

Just be careful when playing around with the ATA settings. The numbers don’t quite go the way you’d expect.

Now, you’ll want to test all your settings before ever touching /etc/hdparm.conf.
The commands to do that are:

hdparm -t /dev/hda
hdparm -T /dev/hda

But just testing /dev/hda is really testing just the channel and not the drive itself.

So you should really be saying

hdparm -t /dev/hda1
hdparm -T /dev/hda1

for example.

(I think this may work. I’ve never had to use it to set individual drive settings. And I doubt that you could turn on DMA for just one drive on a chain as the DMA setting affects the controller which will in turn affect each individual drive. But it may give you different test results when testing a drive; at least it did me.)

/dev/hda1 {
dma = on
}

So my advice is:

Issue a ’set’ command in a Root Terminal.
Run a -i, -I, -t and -T test.
Only then commit the changes to /etc/hdparm.conf and reboot.

As always, it is best if you make a backup of all your precious data onto a CDR before making radical changes. And always have your Ubuntu Live CD at the ready.

From /etc/hdparm.conf:
Note that if the init script causes boot problems, you can pass ‘nohdparm’ on the kernel command line, and the script will not be run.